Aviation Safety and SRM
Aviation 5 P’s (SRM)
A practical framework for single-pilot resource management that helps pilots gather information, evaluate risk, and make stronger decisions throughout the flight.
5P’s Approach to SRM
Single-pilot resource management, or SRM, is the art of managing all onboard and outside resources available to a pilot before and during a flight to help ensure a safe and successful outcome. Bringing SRM into general aviation training is an important step forward in aviation safety.
A structured approach to SRM helps pilots gather information, analyze it, and make sound decisions about the conduct of a flight. To get the greatest benefit from SRM, pilots also need a practical framework they can use in day-to-day flying.
One of the best-known approaches is the 5P method: Plan, Plane, Pilot, Passengers, and Programming. The point is not to memorize another mnemonic for its own sake. It is to create a useful rhythm of review at key decision points during the flight.
Use the 5P review at key moments: preflight, pre-takeoff, cruise, pre-descent, and just before the final approach fix, or for VFR flying, just before entering the traffic pattern.
Plan
The plan includes the basic elements of cross-country planning such as weather, route, fuel, current publications, and mission details. It also includes the events surrounding the flight that allow the pilot to accomplish the mission. Since conditions can change at any time, the pilot should review and update the plan regularly during the flight.
Plane
The plane includes the airframe, systems, and equipment, including avionics. A pilot should be proficient with all installed equipment and familiar with performance characteristics and limitations. During the flight, aircraft systems and instruments should be monitored closely so abnormal indications are caught early.
Pilot
The pilot must pass the traditional IMSAFE check. This part of the 5P process helps identify and reduce physiological hazards at every stage of the flight.
Passengers
Passengers can help with useful tasks, but their needs can also become distractions. Discomfort, anxiety, or pressure to reach the destination can affect cockpit judgment. If a passenger is also a pilot, it is important to define who is doing what.
Programming
Programming includes both installed avionics and handheld equipment. Modern displays, moving maps, tablets, and autopilots can lower workload and improve awareness, but programming them at the wrong time can become a serious distraction. The pilot should know the equipment well before takeoff and plan ahead for when route changes, approach setup, and information gathering should be done.
I’M SAFE Checklist
- Illness: Do I have any symptoms?
- Medication: Have I been taking prescription or over-the-counter drugs?
- Stress: Am I under psychological pressure from work, finances, health issues, or family problems?
- Alcohol: Have I been drinking within 8 hours?
- Fatigue: Am I tired or not adequately rested?
- Emotion: Am I emotionally upset?
